Research finds that copper-doped zinc sulfide exhibits photochromic phenomena and can be used in automotive glass

When photochromic materials are exposed to ultraviolet or visible light, their color and optical properties change reversibly. The material is made from organic compounds, which are often very expensive to synthesize. According to reports, scientists at Ritsumeikan University in Japan have discovered the phenomenon of rapid switching photochromism in cheap inorganic materials for the first time. The inorganic material is a copper-doped zinc sulfide nanocrystal. The results of this research pave the way for many potential applications, such as smart adaptive glass windows, sunglasses and anti-counterfeiting agents.

The glass windows of the office building can adaptively darken according to the intensity of sunshine, and the glasses can automatically turn into sunglasses when exposed to the sun and return to ordinary glasses after entering the building. This is all thanks to the invention of photochromic materials, and all of the above inventions are possible. Today, almost all fast-switching photochromic materials are made of organic compounds, which are expensive and complex to synthesize and cumbersome to process, making mass production difficult to achieve. Therefore, although the material has numerous potential applications, its commercial applications are limited. Finding an inorganic photochromic material that can be rapidly switched is very challenging to achieve commercialization.

(Source from:Ritsumeikan University)

In the study, a research team from Japan's Ritsumeikan University, led by Associate Professor Yoichi Kobayashi, found that zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanocrystals doped with copper (Cu) ions have unique photochromic properties. These crystals change from milky white to dark gray when exposed to ultraviolet and visible light (UV-Vis). Interestingly, after turning off the radiation source, it took about a full minute for the material to return to its original milky white color in the air, but only a few microseconds when immersed in an aqueous solution. The research team analyzed the material theoretically and experimentally and decided to explore the intricacies of this special photochromic behavior.

Why do copper-doped zinc sulfide nanocrystals change color when exposed to light, and why do they take so long to return to their original color? As the results show, this has a lot to deal with the dynamics of photoexcited charge carriers. When photons hit a material, the collision excites the electrons, causing them to deviate from their otherwise stable positions in the molecular orbitals. Losing an electron leaves behind a localized positive charge, which is called a hole in solid-state physics.

In most materials, electron-hole pairs exist for a short time before canceling each other out, thereby re-releasing some of the energy the electrons originally gained. However, in copper-doped zinc sulfide, the situation is quite different. Cu ions effectively trap holes created by Cu ions, while photoexcited electrons are free to jump to other molecules, thereby delaying the recombination process. Studies have shown that the presence of holes for a long time will change the optical properties of the material, causing a photochromic effect.

The first discovery of rapidly switching photochromic inorganic nanocrystals is a major advance in the field, especially for practical applications. Kobayashi said: "Zinc sulfide is relatively non-toxic, and its synthesis process is simple and cheap. We believe that our research results will promote the widespread use of fast-converting photochromic materials in daily life." Photochromic materials can usually be used in 3D TVs, smart phones, Advanced anti-counterfeiting agents for eyeglasses, vehicle and house windows, high-speed holographic memories, and important brands and pharmaceuticals.

In addition, this study may also benefit researchers in other areas of applied optical physics. Kobayashi said: "We have proven that the photochromic reaction of nanomaterials can be adjusted by controlling the lifetime of photo-excited carriers. The development of new nanomaterials with ultra-long-lived excited carriers is important for photochromic materials, and advanced optical Functional materials are very important, such as luminescent materials and photocatalysts." This research could pave the way for practical applications of photochromism, including adaptive lighting.

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Fast Recovery Diode in Linear Power Supplies: Revolutionizing Efficiency and Reliability

With the continuous advancement of technology, linear power supplies (Linear Power Supplies) have become an indispensable part of electronic equipment. In these power supplies, fast recovery diodes (Fast Recovery Diode) are gradually vital to improving efficiency and reliability. This article will introduce the application of fast recovery diodes in linear power supplies and the innovations they bring.

(Fast Recovery Diode) 

Fast recovery diodes: a game changer in power supplies

A fast recovery diode has a fast recovery time and low loss. The function of this diode in a power supply is to rectify, convert alternating current into direct current, and provide reverse current protection in the circuit. In recent years, as the demand for efficiency and reliability in electronic equipment continues to increase, fast-recovery diodes have become more widely used in linear power supplies.

Improve power supply efficiency and reliability.

1. Reduce losses: Fast recovery diodes have lower conduction and reverse recovery losses, significantly improving the power supply's efficiency. In electronic equipment, the power supply's efficiency directly affects the equipment's overall energy consumption, so fast recovery diodes are of great significance in energy conservation and emission reduction.

2. Enhanced stability: Since the fast recovery diode has a fast recovery time, it can effectively suppress voltage spikes and oscillations in the power supply; this helps improve the stability of the power supply and ensures the regular operation of electronic equipment.

3. Extended equipment life: The reliability and stability of fast recovery diodes also means that the service life of the equipment is extended; this is critical for many critical applications such as medical, aerospace and industrial control.

(Fast Recovery Diode) 

Innovative applications: empowering a new generation of electronic devices

With the rapid development of technologies such as artificial intelligence, IoT, and 5G communications, the demand for efficient and reliable power supplies is also increasing. As a critical component in linear power supplies, the innovative applications of fast recovery diodes are gradually changing the development pattern of these emerging fields.

1. Artificial intelligence and machine emulating: The application of artificial intelligence and machine learning technology requires higher computing power and data processing capabilities. An efficient power supply is a critical factor in ensuring the proper operation of these systems. The application of fast recovery diodes helps improve the efficiency and stability of power supplies, thereby promoting the further development of artificial intelligence and machine learning technology.

2. IoT devices: IoT devices usually need to run for a long time and have strict requirements on energy consumption. By using linear power supplies with fast recovery diodes, the energy efficiency of these devices can be significantly improved while ensuring stable operation; this is crucial to promote the widespread application of IoT technology.

3.5G communication: 5G communication technology must support higher data transmission rates and excellent signal coverage. Fast recovery diodes play an essential role in linear power supplies in 5G communication equipment, helping to improve the energy efficiency and firmness of the equipment, thereby improving the performance of 5G communication.

Supplier

PDDN Photoelectron Technology Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise focusing on the manufacturing, R&D and sales of power semiconductor devices. Since its establishment, the company has been committed to providing high-quality, high-performance semiconductor products to customers worldwide to meet the needs of the evolving power electronics industry.

It accepts payment via Credit Card, T/T, West Union, and Paypal. PDDN will ship the goods to customers overseas through FedEx, DHL, by sea, or by air. If you want high-quality FAST RECOVERY DIODES, please send us inquiries; we will help.

building materials industry indispensable good material

Amazing! Superior performance, building materials industry indispensable good material

Cement foam insulation board is widely used, superior performance, mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Good fire insulation performance

Cement foam board belongs to class A non-combustible inorganic thermal insulation materials, can maintain integrity at high temperatures, and effectively improve the fire performance of the building. Its closed porosity of more than 95%, with excellent thermal insulation properties.

Excellent sound insulation performance

Due to the formation of many porous independent bubbles, the sound-absorbing effect of cement foam board is about five times that of ordinary concrete, and the sound insulation coefficient can be more than 45 decibels.

Lightweight seismic capacity

Cement foam board has a low density of about 250kg/cubic meter, passed the anti-fatigue vibration test, and can withstand a magnitude nine earthquake after welding with steel structure.

Construction is convenient and efficient

Cement Foam Board is easy to construct, has a short construction period, has no need for extra materials such as sand and cement, has simple and efficient stacking of materials, occupies less space and equipment resources, has no construction waste, and no need for plastering after Construction. Compared with the traditional block wall, it takes only three people 60 minutes to construct the Cement Foam Board, which greatly saves the labor cost.

Strong compressive strength and bonding force

Adding special fiber enhances the compressive strength of the cement foam board, which the national testing agency verifies that its bending damage load can be more than three times its weight (1.5 times the national standard), the compressive strength can be more than 5MPa (3.5MPa of the national standard), and the hanging force is more than 1,500N (1,000N of the national standard).

Environmental protection and energy saving and non-toxic and harmless

Cement foam is comprised of cement fly ash and other raw materials. It does not melt at extreme temperatures and won't emit toxic gases. It is a safe and ecologically sustainable material. Additionally, cement foam board, being an unrecyclable product, is recognized through the nation's policy on industrialization.

Cement foam board is widely used in large-span industrial plants, warehouses, large machine garages, stadiums, exhibition halls, airports, large-scale utilities, and mobile homes, as well as residential mezzanines, residential wall insulation, and other construction engineering fields. Compared with the foam insulation material used before, cement foam board overcomes the problems of poor thermal insulation performance, high thermal conductivity, and ease of cracking.

Which is the best way to backfill a bathroom

The backfilling of the bathroom is a crucial part of any renovation. Backfilling is an essential part of bathroom renovations. It serves many purposes, including protecting the pipeline and stopping leakage. It also improves the thermal insulation capability of the room. In selecting bathroom materials, you should consider a number of factors depending on your specific situation. For example, take into account the performance and cost of backfill material as well the environmental impact.

There are five types of backfills available on the market: slags in general, carbon-slags backfills (also known as slags with carbon), ceramics backfills for overheads and foam cements backfills. Backfills are confusing.

Backfilling with slag can be cheaper, but because it is heavy and can cause the floor slab to crack easily, causing water to leak.

It is cheaper to use overhead backfill because you don't need as much material.

Since a few decades, foam cement backfilling has been popular. But does it come with any disadvantages?

For your information, here are five bathroom backfill materials with their advantages and disadvantages and some selection advice:

Building debris backfill

Advantages:

The advantages of slag backfill are its lower cost, ease of construction and certain thermal insulation properties.

Disadvantages:

Backfilling with construction waste will damage the waterproof layer and the pipeline due to its sharp edges.

Recommendation:

Has been eliminated. This is not a method that should be used. It will cost too much for a family to backfill with construction debris. To protect the waterproofing of the ground, first use fine sand, then red brick, to protect the pipeline. The backfill should be compacted in layers. Finally, mud-mortar to level the surface will provide good secondary drainage.

Carbon Dregs Backfill

Advantages:

Carbon slag as a backfill has many advantages, including its low cost, ease of construction, lightweight structure, good moisture absorption, and excellent moisture control.

Disadvantages:

Carbon dregs are not as stable, they can easily deform or fall off and are relatively flimsy. They also absorb moisture, which increases pressure on floor slabs.

Recommendation:

In recent years, carbon slag has rarely been chosen as a backfill in bathrooms due to its negatives.

Ceramic Backfill

Advantages:

Ceramic backfill has several advantages including high strength, good insulation and corrosion resistance.

Disadvantages:

Before pouring in the ceramic, use lightweight bricks for layered partition. Divide the bathroom into several squares. Fill the squares with the ceramic, then place a reinforcing mesh with a diameter around one centimetre. Finally, level with cement mortar.

Consider your family's budget in its entirety.

Overhead Backfill

Advantages:

Backfilling with overhead backfill has many advantages, including its simplicity, stability, inability to deform and easy fall-off.

Disadvantages:

The labour costs are higher for backfilling than other methods. The bottom drain is located overhead and will make the sound of running waters more noticeable.

It is important to carefully consider whether the disadvantages of the situation outweigh any advantages.

Foamed Cement Backfill

Advantages:

Foamed cement is an increasingly popular backfill. It is also safe and eco-friendly. Cement foaming agent is made of plant-based fats, which is a safe and environmental material.

Benefits include good heat conservation, light weight, high strength and corrosion resistance. The backfilling process is greatly accelerated and reduced in cost, as it can be filled seamlessly and with very little effort.

Foamed cement can be mixed with cement and used to fix the pipe. If not, the pipe will easily float.

Disadvantages:

It is best to find a builder that has worked with foam cement or look up construction tutorials.

Suggestion:

The majority of people backfill their bathrooms with foamed-cement. Its advantages are still quite obvious.

The five types of backfill for bathrooms all have advantages and disadvantages. In order to choose the right material for your bathroom backfill, you should consider a number of factors. You must always consider the environmental aspect when choosing bathroom backfill materials to ensure the decor of the bathroom is safe and sustainable.

Properties and Application of Hafnium Carbide

Hafnium carbide (HfC), is a chemical compound with a distinct character. It has many uses.

1. Hafnium Carbide: Its Properties

Hafnium carburide is a grayish powder that belongs in the metal carbide category. It has high melting points, good hardness and high thermal stability.

Physical Property

Hafnium carburide crystals have a face-centered cubical structure and a lattice coefficient of 0.488nm. It is a hard material with a melting temperature of 3410 degrees Celsius.

Chemical property

Hafnium carburide is chemically stable, and it is not soluble in water or acid-base solutions. It is not easily affected by high temperatures. This material is stable at high temperatures. Hafnium carburide has a high radiation resistance, and is therefore suitable for use in nuclear reactors and particle acceleraters.

2. Hafnium Carbide Application

Hafnium carbide is used widely in many industries due to its high melting points, high hardness as well as good thermal and chemical properties.

Electronic field

Hafnium carburide is widely used in electronic fields, and it is a key component of electronic paste. Hafnium carburide can be used to increase the conductivity and adherent of electronic paste. Hafnium can be used as an electronic device sealant, increasing the reliability and durability of electronic devices.

Catalytic field

Hafnium carburide is a great catalyst for many chemical reactions. One of the most common uses is in auto exhaust treatment, which reduces harmful gas emissions. Hafnium carburide is used as an hydrogenation catalyst and denitrification catalyst, among other things.

The optical field

Hafnium carbide is transparent, and it can be used for optical fibers and components. It can enhance the durability and transmission of optical components, and reduce light losses. Hafnium carbide can be used for key components such as lasers, optoelectronic devices and optical fields.

Ceramic field

Hafnium carbide can be used to improve the density and hardness of ceramic materials. It can also improve the performance of high-performance materials like high-temperature and structural ceramics. Hafnium carbide can be used to grind and coat materials.

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Application Fields of Gallium Nitride

The wide-gap semiconductor material GaN is widely used due to its excellent electrical, optical and physical properties.

1.Semiconductor light

Gallium Nitride is widely used in semiconductor lighting. The high reflectivity, transparency and luminescence of gallium nitride material make it ideal for high-performance, LED lamps. LED lamps offer a higher level of luminous efficiency than fluorescent and incandescent bulbs, as well a longer life span. This makes them suited for use in many fields, including indoor and exterior lighting, displays, automobile lighting and more.

In semiconductor lighting materials such as gallium nitride are used mainly as substrates for the LED chips. LED chips, the main components of LED lighting, are directly responsible for the overall performance. They determine the LED light's luminous efficacy and service life. Gallium Nitride is an excellent substrate material because it has high thermal conductivity. It also has high chemical stability and stability. It improves the LED chip's luminous stability and efficiency, as well as reducing manufacturing costs.

2.High-temperature electronic devices

Gallium Nitride is also widely used for high-temperature electronics devices. Gallium nitride, which has high electron saturation rates and high breakdown electric fields, can be used for electronic devices that work in high-temperature environments.

Aerospace is a harsh field and it's important to have electronic devices that work reliably in high temperature environments. As a semiconductor high-temperature material, gallium-nitride materials are mainly used to make electronic devices like transistors and field effect transistors for flight control and control of fire systems. Gallium nitride is also used to produce high-temperature devices in the power transmission and distribution field, such as power electronics switches and converters. This improves the efficiency and reliability of equipment.

3.Solar cells

Gallium nitride solar cells also receive a lot attention. High-efficiency solar panels can be produced due to its high transparence and electron saturation rate.

Silicon is the main material in most traditional solar cells. Silicon solar cells are inexpensive to manufacture, but have a narrow bandgap (about 1eV) which limits their efficiency. Gallium-nitride solar cell have a greater energy gap width (about 2.30eV), which is able to absorb more sunlight, and has a higher photoelectric efficiency. The manufacturing cost of gallium-nitride cells is low. They can offer the same photoelectric converter efficiency for a lower price.

4.Detectors

Gallium Nitride is also widely used as a detector. They can be used to manufacture high-efficiency detectors like spectral and chemicals sensors.

Gallium Nitride can also be used as a material to make X-ray detectors that are efficient and can be applied in airports or important buildings for security checks. Gallium nitride is also used for environmental monitoring to produce detectors like gas and photochemical sensor, which detect environmental parameters, such air quality, pollutants, and other environmental parameters.

5.Other applications areas

Gallium nitride can be used for many different applications. Gallium nitride is used, for instance, to make microwave and high frequency devices such as high electron mobilty transistors (HEMTs), microwave monolithic combined circuits (MMICs), that are used in radar, communications, and electronic countermeasures. Furthermore, gallium nitride It can also be used for the manufacture of high-power lasers and deep ultraviolet optoelectronic device.

What is Lithium stearate powder

Lithium stearate is a crystalline form of lithium.

Lithium stearate has the chemical formula LiSt. It is a white powder that is solid at room temperatures. It is a highly lipophilic compound that can produce high light transmission at low concentrations. This compound is only slightly soluble when heated to room temperature, but it dissolves readily in organic solvents including acetone and alcohol. Lithium Stearate is stable and thermally safe at high temperatures because it has a melting and flash point. The lithium stearate also has a good chemical stability, and is resistant to acids and bases, as well as oxidants, reductants and reducing agents. Lithium is a less toxic substance, but should still be handled with care. An excessive intake of lithium can lead to diarrhoea or vomiting as well as difficulty breathing. Wearing gloves and goggles during operation is recommended because prolonged exposure to lithium can cause eye and skin irritation.

Lithium stearate:

Surfactant: Lithium Stearate Surfactant, lubricant, and other ingredients are used to make personal care products, such as shampoos, soaps, and body washes. It has excellent foam properties and good hydrolysis stabilty, resulting in a gentle and clean washing experience.

Lithium stearate has an important role to play in polymer syntheses. It can be used both as a donor and a participant in the formation of polymer chains. These polymers have good mechanical and chemical properties, making them ideal for plastics, rubber fibers, etc.

Lithium stearate can be used in cosmetic formulations to soften and moisturize the skin. It enhances moisturization, and makes the skin feel softer and smoother. The antibacterial and antiinflammatory properties of lithium stearate can also help with skin problems.

Paints & Coatings: Lithium is a leveling and thickening agent used to help control flow and the properties in the final coating. It is resistant to weather and scratches, which makes the coating durable.

Applications of lithium stearate include drug carriers, excipients, and stabilizers. It can enhance the stability of medications and also improve their taste and solubility.

Lithium stearate has many uses in agriculture, including as a carrier for fertilizer and a plant-protection agent. It increases the efficiency of fertilizers and improves plant disease resistance.

Petrochemical: In the petrochemical sector, lithium stearate may be used as an lubricant or release agent. As a catalyst in petroleum cracking, lithium stearate improves cracking yield and efficiency.

Lithium stearate production method :

Chemical Synthesis:

Lithium stearate can be synthesized through a series a chemical reactions. In order to get the lithium metal reacting with the stearate, they are heated together in an organic solvant. After washing, separation and drying, the pure lithium-stearate product is obtained.

Following are the steps for synthesis.

(1) Lithium metal and stearate in organic solvents, such as ethanol heated stirring to fully react.

(2) The reaction solution must be cooled in order to precipitate lithium stearate.

Then, wash the crystal with water.

(4) The dried crystals are used to make lithium stearate.

Chemical synthesis is a mature technology that offers high efficiency in production and product purity. However, organic solvents have an environmental impact and waste is generated during production.

Methode de fermentation biologique

In biological fermentation, microorganisms such as yeast are used in the medium to produce lithium. The principle behind this method is that microorganisms use their metabolic pathways to produce stearic and react with metal ions, such as lithium, to create lithium stearate.

These are the steps that you will need to take in order to produce your product.

(1) The microorganisms will be inoculated onto the medium containing precursors for fermentation culture.

(2) The filtrate is used to produce a solution that contains stearic acids.

Add metal ions, such as lithium ions, to the solution with stearic Acid so that they fully react.

(4) The reaction product is separated and washed, then dried to give lithium stearate.

The benefits of biological fermentation include environmental protection, less waste discharge and a longer production process. However, the conditions for production are also higher.

Prospect Market for Lithium stearate

The application of lithium in personal care will continue to play a major role. It plays a vital role as a lubricant and surfactant in cosmetics, soaps, and shampoos. As people's standards of living improve and the cosmetics sector continues to expand, lithium stearate demand will gradually rise.

The application of lithium-stearate to polymer synthesis has also increased. It can be used both as a donor and a participant in polymer chain formation. As polymer materials science continues to develop, the demand of lithium stearate increases.

Lithium stearate's application in agricultural, petrochemical, pharmaceutical and other fields is also growing. In the pharmaceutical sector, lithium stearate may be used as a carrier, excipient or drug stabilizer. In agriculture, the lithium stearate is used to protect plants and as a carrier for fertilizer. In the field of petrochemicals, lithium isostearate may be used as an lubricant or release agent. In these areas, the demand for lithium will increase as technology advances.

But the outlook for the lithium stearate market is not without its own challenges. In order to produce lithium metal, it is necessary to use a more expensive production process. Aside from that, the applications of lithium is limited, with a concentration in agriculture, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and personal care products. To expand the scope of application and the demand for lithium stearate, it is important to continue to develop new applications and markets.

Lithium stearate powder price :

Many factors influence the price, such as the economic activity, the sentiment of the market and the unexpected event.

You can contact us for a quotation if you're looking for the most recent lithium stearate price.

Lithium stearate powder Supplier :

Technology Co. Ltd. has been supplying high-quality chemical materials for over 12 years.

The chemical and nanomaterials include silicon powders, graphite particles, zinc sulfide grains, boron particles, etc.

Contact us today to receive a quote for our high-quality Lithium Stearate Powder.

More than a hundred schools in the UK have been closed due to the risk of collapse

In the UK, more than 100 schools were closed because of the danger of collapse

In the UK, many schools use Concrete autoclaved with aerated air (RAAC). This is a concrete material that is lighter.

In 2018, the roof collapsed of a primary-school in southeast England. Later, it was discovered that RAAC material had been used to build the school's roof and other buildings. This raised safety concerns.

BBC reported that RAAC materials were widely used from the 1950s until the mid-1990s in areas such as roof panels, and had a lifespan of around 30 years.

Reports indicate that the risk of building collapse is not just confined to schools, but can also be found in hospitals, police station, courts and other public structures. RAAC material has been found.

The Royal Dengate Theatre at Northampton is temporarily closed after RAAC material was found.

According to NHS, RAAC has been detected in 27 hospital building.

The NHS chief has been tasked with developing measures to address the potential collapse risk.

BBC reported that since 2018 the British government has warned schools to be "fully ready" for RAAC.

The Independent reported Jonathan Slater a former senior education official, who said that Sunak, Prime Minister in 2021, approved budget reductions to build schools.

Nick Gibb is a senior official at the Department of Education. He said that the Department of Education asked for PS200m annually for school maintenance. Sunak was the former chancellor of exchequer and provided just PS50m a year.

The report also states that despite Sunak having promised to renovate at least 50 schools a month, the main reconstruction plan of the government has only included four renovated schools.

The British National Audit Office chief also criticised this crisis. He claimed that the Sunak government had adopted a "plaster-method" of building maintenance.

He believes the government's underinvestment has forced schools to close, and that families are now "paying the cost".

Paul Whitman is the secretary-general of National Association of Principals. He said that the public and parents would perceive any attempt to blame individual schools on the government as "a desperate move by the federal government to divert its attention from their own major errors."

Whitman claimed that the classroom has become completely unusable. Whitman blamed the British Government for the situation. "You can't change it no matter how many distractions and diversion you use."

London Mayor Sadiq khan said that the government should be open and transparent. This will reassure parents, staff, children, and others.

BBC reported schools in the UK were pushing forward with inspections and assessments. Children who had been suspended because of school building issues will be temporarily housed, or they can learn online.

High Purity 3D Printing Nickel Alloy IN718 Powder

In718 Powder is widely used for industrial and aviation turbo-propellers, petrochemical, nuclear reactors, and laser cladding.Particle Size: 15-45mm; 15-53mm; 53-120mm and 53-150mm

High Purity Germanium Sulfide GeS2 Powder CAS 12025-34-2, 99.99%

Germanium sulfide is a semiconductor material with the chemical formula GeS2. It has a certain solubility in water, easily soluble in hot alkali, and soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Particle size: -100mesh
Purity: 99.99%

Metal Alloy 8.92g/Cm3 High Purity Polished Copper Plate

Copper products exhibit good electrical conductivity as well as thermal conductivity. They are also ductile, resistant to corrosion, and have a high wear resistance. They are widely used by the electricity, electronics and energy industries.

Metal Alloy High Density Tungsten Alloy Rod Grind Surface Tungsten Alloy Bar

Tungsten-nickel-copper/iron alloy is characterized by low thermal expansion, high density, radiation absorption and high thermal and electrical conductivity. It is widely utilized in the aerospace and military industries.